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Chapter 9 - Thermal Properties of Matter

What is internal energy? o.O
- Internal energy is particles in a solid vibrating about in a fixed position & are held together by strong interatomic/intermolecular bonds.
-Internal energy comprises of 2 components - kinetic energy & potential energy

Kinetic Energy
- Is the vibration of the particles
- Directly related to temperature
- The higher the temperature, the more vigorous the vibration of the particles
- For liquid & gas, kinetic energy is due to their movement
- One example is the mircowave oven :Dthats why your ice cold food get pipping hot in few seconds! :D

Potential Energy
- Is the stretching & compressing of intermolecular bonds as the particle vibrates
- Amt of potential energy stored in the bonds depends on the force between the particles & how far apart they are.
- One example is the slinky :D

Melting
- Is when a solid changes to a liquid upon heating.
must appreciate this graph, okay! cause i took a million years to draw! :D but any mistakes, pls do correct me :/

one example is ice melting -


So how does a soild melt?
Molecules in a soild are held by strong intermolecular bonds. Thermal energy is supplied to the soild, breaking the intermolecular bonds, allowing the molecules to move out of their fixed positions.

Solidification & Freezing point
- The reverse process of melting ( changing from a liquid to solid )
- Freezing point is the point whereby the liquid freezes to becomes a solid - -Condensation
- Is the change of state from vapour to liquid when it is cooled at the same temperature as boiling.
- Thermal energy is given out
one example is the morning dew! :D
Boiling
- When a liquid is heated & changes to a gas at a fix temperature is called boiling. & that particular temperature is called its boiling point
- Reverse of boiling is condensation

Evaporation
- Evaporation can occur at any temperature

Apllications of evaporation
1) Cooling effect when any liquid evaporates from your skin
2) A puddle of water dries up after some time
3) Whenever you're sick, your mama will put a wet cloth on your forehead & when the water evaporate, there will be a cooling effect, keeping temperature down.

Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

1) Temperature
The higher the surrounding temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation.

2) Humidity of the surrounding air
Rate of evaporation increases with decreasing humidity.

3) Surface area of liquid
More surface area exposed to the air, rate of evaporation will increase.

4) Movement of air
Moving air increases the rate of evaporation.

5) Pressure
Reducing the atmospheric pressure increases the rate of evaporation

6) Boiling point of the liquid
Liquids with lower boiling points will evaporate faster.